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Paper texture effects in calotype photography
Paper texture effects in calotype photography limit the ability of this early process to record low contrast details and textures. A calotype is a photographic negative produced on uncoated paper. (See Paper negative.) An important feature is that a relatively short exposure in a camera produces a latent image that is subsequently made visible by development. Then positive images for viewing are obtained by contact printing. This technique was in use principally from 1840 into the 1850s, when it was displaced by photography on glass. Skilled photographers were able to achieve dramatic results with the calotype process, and the reason for its eclipse may not be evident from viewing reproductions of early work.
==Background==
Practical photography plausibly dates from the announcement of the Daguerreotype in 1839.〔Beaumont Newhall, Latent Image, Chapter 1, Anchor Books, Garden City, copyright 1967.〕 This stimulated work by others: in 1840, the Englishman Talbot discovered what he called the calotype process for making photographic negatives on writing paper with the relatively short exposure time of a few minutes for subjects in bright sunlight.〔John Ward, Introduction, p. 5. In Rollin Buckman, The Photographic Work of Calvert Richard Jones, Science Museum, London, copyright 1990.〕 A positive print could subsequently be made by pressing a negative under glass against another piece of sensitive paper and exposing it to sunlight. For this, negatives were waxed to make them more transparent. Since many prints could be made from a single negative, travel photography became possible, and prints from calotypes were soon distributed in book form and sold in shops.〔Newhall, op. cit., pp. 119-122 and 124-125.〕〔John Ward, op. cit., pp. 9 and 13.〕 The chemical operations used to make a calotype were not difficult to perform, and relatively few specialized supplies were required.〔Richard Morris, Chapter 2 Calotype Negatives. In Coming into Focus, edited by John Barnier, Chronicle Books, San Francisco, copyright 2000.〕〔Alan Greene, Primitive Photography, Focal Press, Boston, copyright 2002.〕 But the process had a serious deficiency, and it was quickly replaced by photography on glass when this became practical.〔Newhall, op. cit., pp. 126-127.〕
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